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Viral Information
phage viruses ecology evolution Landauers principle thermodynamics
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2016/5/31
Viruses are major drivers of global biogeochemistry and the etiological agents of many diseases. They are also the winners in the game of life; there are more viruses on the planet than cellular organ...
Piecewise Versus Total Support:How to Deal with Background Information in Likelihood Arguments
likelihood fine-tuning background information observation selection effect total evidence
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2016/5/30
The use of the Likelihood Principle as a general tool for assessing rival hypotheses has been criticized for its ambiguous treatment of background information. The LP endorses radically different answ...
Cognitive Architecture,Concepts,and Introspection:An Information-Theoretic Solution to the Problem of Phenomenal Consciousness
consciousness sensation introspection phenomenal concepts information theory
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2015/7/30
This essay is a sustained attempt to bring new light to some of the perennial problems in philosophy of mind surrounding phenomenal consciousness and introspection through developing an account of sen...
Impact of Quantitative Information and a Nudge on Attitudes toward Colorectal Cancer Screening
Colon cancer Screening Ethics Health information
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2014/11/17
Research in behavioral economics suggests that individuals facing complex decisions benefit from being given a “nudge” towards one option, especially in situations where making any choice, as opposed ...
Giving patients granular control of personal health information: Using an ethics “Points to Consider” to inform informatics system designers
Electronic health records Ethics Medical records systems Computerized Patient access to records Physician–patient relations Privacy
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2014/11/17
OBJECTIVE: There are benefits and risks of giving patients more granular control of their personal health information in electronic health record (EHR) systems. When designing EHR systems and policies...
Disclosure and rationality: comparative risk information and decision-making about prevention
Decision making Comparative risk Prevention Rationality Expected utility theory Biomedical ethics
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2014/11/17
With the growing focus on prevention in medicine, studies of how to describe risk have become increasing important. Recently, some researchers have argued against giving patients "comparative risk inf...
The value of information and the ethics of personal-genomic screening
Economics Ethics Evidence-Based Medicine Genetic Screening Genome, Human Health Services Accessibility Mass Screening Practice Guidelines as Topic
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2014/11/17
Personal genomic screening, especially when marketed direct-to-consumers, threatens to worsen the inefficient use of healthcare resources that Burger and Kass discuss in the case of unproven screening...
The ethics of information: absolute risk reduction and patient understanding of screening
risk and benefit data informed consent respect for autonomy
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2014/11/17
Some experts have argued that patients should routinely be told the specific magnitude and absolute probability of potential risks and benefits of screening tests. This position is motivated by the id...
An Analysis of Waqaf and Zakat Information in Friday Sermons
Islamic Studies Islam and Linguistics Islamic Institution Management Friday Sermons Islamic Philosophy
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2015/8/20
The main purpose of this paper is to identify the function and the lexical features of the sentence in the delivery of information of waqaf and zakat in Malaysia based on the background, participants ...
Mechanistic Information and Causal Continuity
information mechanisms mechanistic information DNA expression sensori-motor reflexes Krebs cycle causal explanation causal continuity teleology, function
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2011/9/6
Some biological processes (our examples are DNA expression and a reflex response in the leech) move from step to step in a way that cannot be completely understood solely in terms of causes and correl...
Models as information carrying artifacts
representation information semantics
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2009/11/20
In science, models are used in many different ways: to test empirical hypotheses, to help in theory formation, to visualize data, and so on. Scientists construct and study the behavior of models, and ...
Can (quantum) information be sorted out from quantum mechanics?
Quantum Information Laws of physics Observers and objects
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2009/11/18
We shall draw an affirmative answer to the question posed in the title. The key point will be a quantum description of physical reality. Once fixed at ontic level two basic elements, namely the laws o...
“A Reexamination of Biological Information from the Perspective of Practice”
Biology Information Signal
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2009/9/17
Much of the debate surrounding the concept of information in biology centers on the question of whether or not biological systems ‘really’ carry information. The criterion for determining if a system ...
A deflationary account of information in biology
information biology
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2009/9/8
An oft-repeated claim is that there is information in some biological entity or process, most especially in genes (Downes 2005). Some of these claims derive from the Central Dogma, population genetics...
Form 和 information——论存在结构与语言结构
form information 命题结构 存在结构
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2013/3/20
信息一词的西文辞源可以追溯到柏拉图的“相”和亚里士多德的“形式”，相和形式都把存在理解为某种合乎逻辑理性的结构和可以传达理解的有序性，而语言的命题结构与对象的存在结构的同构更可以追溯到巴门尼德的being，既是合对象的“存在”，又是合逻辑的“是”。信息是结构和有序性的赋予，它是从认知结构而推之于存在结构的。